纳米发电机™纳米粒子合成系统

粒子合成原理：

NanoGenerator™ 纳米粒子合成系统采用微流体装置进行可控和可调的聚合物粒子生产。下面的示意图说明了在聚焦流几何结构中为粒子合成而设计的结点装置。溶剂置换法用于纳米粒子合成。

Liposomes, a precursor to LNPs, are a highly adaptable nanocarrier platform due to their ability to carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, including small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids. They hold the distinction of being the first nanomedicine delivery platform to transition successfully from theory to clinical use. Several liposomal drug formulations have received approval and have been effectively incorporated into medical practice.

Conventional liposomes are characterized by one or more lipid bilayer rings enclosing an aqueous compartment, but not all LNPs possess a continuous bilayer that would categorize them as lipid vesicles or liposomes. Certain LNPs adopt a structure similar to micelles, sequestering drug molecules within a non-aqueous core.  LNPs, which is similar to liposomes, are specifically designed to encapsulate a wide range of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), making them the most favored non-viral system for gene delivery.

Both liposomes and LNPs have applications in medicine, such as drug delivery and imaging.

Types of LNP and Liposome

In addition to basic liposomes (A) and drug-loaded liposomes (B) which encapsulate a payload within its core, targeted liposomes (C) and stealth liposomes (D) are alternative methods used for drug delivery and treatment. Targeted liposomes (C) have ligands attatched to their surfaces that allow for it to target and bind to specific receptors of cells. These categories of liposomes have beenused for a variety of therapeutic applications such as cancer therapy or against inflammatory diseases like Crohn's disease.  However, this comes with the limitation of phagocytes targeting and removing these types of liposomes. Stealth liposomes (D) aim to address this limitation; by coating the outer layer with polymers such as PEG, they are invisible to phagocytes and allow the liposome to avoid the body's natural immune system which can be extremely useful for drug delivery.

In response to the limitations of liposomes, such as their low encapsulation efficiency, new nanoparticle drug delivery systems were developed. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) (F) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) (E)were two types of nanoparticles designed to fill in these gaps. SLN consist of solid lipids, while NLC are formed with a mixture of solid and liquid-crystalline lipids. Both SLN and NLC have particle sizes ranging from 40 to ∼1000 nm and offer improved physical stability compared to liposomes. They also have higher drug loading capacities, better bioavailability, and can be more easily produced at a large scale without the need of organic solvents. Moreover, SLN and NLC can precisely control drug release due to reduced molecular mobility in their solid state.However, one limitation of SLNs is that they can expel drugs during long-term storage due to crystallization. NLC is able to bypass this obstacle by incorporating small amounts of liquid lipids to reduce lipid core crystallinity, resulting in enhanced drug-loading capacity and long-term stability. SLN and NLC are typically manufactured using organic solvent-free techniques, such as high-pressure homogenization, emulsion/solvent evaporation, and solvent injection, minimizing the issues asscoiated with liposome development.